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The world around us is presently in high need for petrochemical and petroleum products. It is important to note that, these varieties are rated as the second level products which are derived from crude oil after numerous refining processes. Hence, crude oil is the basic component required to create all petrochemical and petroleum components.

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Looking at the petrochemical market trends, major products which are created out of crude after the refining process includes asphalt, fuel oil, diesel fuel, gasoline, lubricating oil, kerosene, LPG, paraffin wax and petrochemicals. Let us analyze the various categories of petrochemicals which are extensively used all across the globe, along with their vast uses.

Petrochemical Varieties & Uses

The segregation based on chemical composition or chemical structure includes three broad segments which include- olefins, aromatics and synthesis gas.

Petrochemical Derivatives

According to petrochemical industry analysis, the well-known petrochemicals include ethylene, benzene, propylene, and toluene. There are numerous derivatives which are produced out of these varieties which should be known in a detailed form. The major petrochemical derivatives developed from petrochemical products are as follows:

These derivatives comprise of polyethylene, vinyl acetate, ethanol, ethylene oxide and 1,2-dicloroethane whose derivatives are trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and vinyl chloride (required for making poly vinyl chloride).

These derivatives include isopropyl alcohol, polypropylene, acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (from which propylene glycol, polyol and glycol ethers are derived), acrylic acid and allyl chloride which develops epichlorohydrin. Also, epoxy resins are obtained from epichlorohydrin.

These derivatives include toluene diisocyanate, benzene, and benzoic acid which offers caprolactum. Also, nylons are derived from caprolactum.

These comprise of meta-xylene using which isophthalic is obtained. Moreover, para-xylene using which dimethyl terephthalate, as well as terephthalic acids, are obtained. Furthermore, polyesthers are obtained from both terephthalic acids and dimethyl terephthalate.

This variety offers derivatives such as chlorobenzenes and alkyl benzene used in making nitrobenzene, detergents, cyclohexane (from which caprolactumused and adipic acid are obtained), cumene (from which polyphenols and solvents are obtained, along with bisphenol A from which polycarbonate and epoxy resins are obtained) and ethyl benzene which leads to the development of styrene.

Uses of Petrochemicals

Conclusion

The above article offers a deep insight about the various petrochemical varieties which exist in today's time. Moreover, a clear vision about the petrochemical derivatives is also presented which focuses on the branches of benzene, toluene diisocyanate and benzoic acid. In the next section, the various uses of petrochemicals is offered which highlights numerous industries including agriculture, cosmetics, food etc. It is quite evident that the need for such resourceful chemicals is immense which is indeed assisting the proper functioning of this modern era.

Food testing is an important key feature for ensuring the quality of the food products consumed by the common people. It is a set of practices, set by international and national Government food safety controlling organizations like FDA for USA and FSSAI for India. There are specific standards and cut off levels which the under the test must pass, unless it may be labelled as questionable or unfit for earning FSSAI certificate. In India, the regulatory government body FSSAI conducts thousands and lacs of food quality tests at Food testing laboratory affiliated by them. FSSAI recognizes as well as affiliates food testing laboratories accredited by NABL under Section 43 of FSS Act, 2006.

There are three types of food testing laboratories under FSSAI

Testing includes a variety of testing for different purposes. Macro and micronutrient testing, food allergy testing, pesticides or insecticide testing, heavy metal testing, adulterant testing, composition testing, texture and shelf-life testing, toxin testing are some of the most commonly executed testing. Each test comprises a number of physicochemical tests, as formulated and standardized by FSSAI authority.

There are specific food testing methods standardize and regulated by the Government of India via FSSAI to ensure one nation with one law. These standardized methods help to maintain the testing procedure homogenous all around the nation.

Being said all the critical terms, let's talk about http://lukastvyc080.bearsfanteamshop.com/how-to-save-money-on-sodium-thiopental-sodium-pentothal something else. If we set aside the scientific details and think about a common man, in his mind the question may arise that what is the purpose of such testing? What exactly the testing does? The answer is quite simple. The food testing ensures that people of India get safe and secure food to eat. Let's have some detailed lights upon the purpose of testing.

1. Prevention of Adulteration

Food Adulteration is one of the most important food-related problems in India. The buyers prefer cheaper items in larger quantities and sellers prefer to maximizing their profit by adulterating the goods to keep the cost minimal yet the volume same.

Adulteration literally means intentional or unintentional changing a part of the whole product with something that is inferior or toxic in quality and nutritional value and not at par the original

product quality. Bacterial, fungal, moulds or insect infestation during production, storage or handling is also considered as adulteration.

To rectify the problem, the Prevention of Adulteration Act was passed by the Government of India in 1954 and it is operational since 1945.

Food Testing is the key tool to detect adulterations. Below is mentioned the type of adulteration and food testing methods of detection of Milk and Ghee to understand how testing works.

Food Name

Milk (which includes Buffalo milk, cow milk, goat milk, sheep milk, mixed milk, standardized milk, full cream milk, recombined milk, toned milk, double toned milk, and skimmed milk) Cane Sugar Modified Seliwanoff's Method:

Type of adulteration

Milk does not have Sucrose. Cane Sugar Has Sucrose. Seliwanoff's method detects the presence of sucrose, hence the presence of cane sugar in milk.

Food Testing Methods

Starch Idoline Test: Milk does not have complex carbohydrate. Starch has Complex carbohydrates. Iodine test detects starch, hence the presence of starch in milk.

Water Thinner drop of mixed milk would be running fast if the surface is tilted.

Chalk Powder When milk mixed with water and left still, chalk powder would settle at the bottom.

Ghee or Butter Vanaspati in Ghee Boudouins Test: it detects sesame oil. Vanaspati contains sesame oil; hence, this test proves the presence of Vanaspati in ghee.

2. Nutritional Evaluation

Food testing laboratories play a vital role in determining the nutritional value of different product for a better understanding of the nutritional profile each food provides.

3. Microbiological Profile of Spoilage

Microbial infestation can occur due to a number of reasons. It may be bacterial, fungal or moulds infection during production or storage of the product. The affected items can be either highly perishable items like crops, fruits, meat, fish or packaged food products.

4. Presence of Toxic Chemicals, Pesticides, and Insecticides

5. Food Allergy Testing

6. Presence and Levels of Food Additives

Preservatives are very commonly used in different items to enhance their shelf life, to retard or reduce enzymatic reactions or microbial action. There are household items like salt sugar oil and spices used as preservatives but in large scale, chemical preservatives are used. These are called Class II Preservatives. They are Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and its related products, Benzoic acid and its salts, Sorbic acid and its salts etc. One or combinations of more than one preservative are used in commercial scale.

PFA has specified the range of the permitted amount of preservatives for each type of products. The chart below is a short example of it.

Food Items Permitted level of SO2 (mg/kg)

Dehydrated vegetable, Dry fruits 2000

Fruit juices 350

Pickle, Chutney 100

Jam, Jelly, Marmalade 40