Disorders of motility

Posted by Melda Research on May 15th, 2019

            The parts that form the alimentary canal include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, anus, and the digestion pathway for food. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is responsible for the functions of secretion, digestion, absorption, motility, and excretion. Gastrointestinal tract disorders may be difficult to identify since many have similar symptoms. Any form of alterations such as inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract can disrupt the absorption, motility, and secretion processes of the body (Anderwald et al., 2012). It is important to study the disorders of the gastrointestinal tract which includes; gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and gastritis as described in this research paper. The specific focus of the discussion is the normal pathophysiology gastric acid stimulation and production and the changes that occur in the processes with GERD, PUD, and gastritis disorders. Also included in the discussion is diagnosis and treatment of a disorder for a patient.   

Normal pathophysiology of gastric acid stimulation and production

            Gastric acid is produced by the parietal cells found on the walls of the stomach. The most acidic environment on the human body is the secretory canaliculus in the parietal cells with an approximate PH of 8. It is the site where the gastric juice is secreted into the lumen. Acid secretion occurs in response to the messages from the variety of paracrine, hormonal and neurocrine inputs. G cells in the pyloris mucosa of the stomach generate gastrin which acts as the major trigger for the production of gastric acid. The processes of stimulation, production, regulation of gastric acid, and pepsin show a balance of chemo transmitters. The transmitters are delivered to the gastric mucosa through various pathways that link the inhibitory and stimulatory mechanisms (Yarze, 1997). The creation, healing, and defense mechanism against acid injury are regulated through overlapping neural, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine control pathways. Acids are not crucial for life, but the preservation of gastric acid production shows an important advantage. The benefits of the acid invertebrate population include the facilitation of protein digestion and calcium, vitamin B12, and absorption of iron. Gastric acid also lowers the multiplication of bacteria which helps in preventing the overgrowing of bacteria in the small intestine and other infections (Ramsay & Carr, 2011).

Changes occurring in the gastric acid stimulation and production with GERD, PUD, and gastritis disorders

            GERD is also known as heartburn and is a caused by acid reflux in the stomach. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid which signals the gastric gland to secrete gastric acid containing the digestive enzymes used for the breakdown of protein molecules allowing easy digestion. Acid reflux in the esophagus is experienced when too much of the secreted acid in the stomach cause irritation and consequent hurt burn (Lowry, Bhakta & Nag, 2011). Gastric acid is among the major factors that trigger GERD symptoms. It is necessary to understand dietary intolerance and lifestyle factors that help to reduce how gastric acid is produced in the stomach.       

            For peptic ulcer disease (PUD), the disorders involve the disturbance of the mucosal cells in the human stomach. The disturbance arises from the local inflammation that leads to a mucosal defect. PUD can be acute or chronic by pathophysiology and includes those having excess acid secretion, those caused by anti-inflammatory drugs, and another type of ulcers with transferable etiology. The excretion of gastric acid contributes to the condition of PUD and usually occurs to people with increased parietal cells that cause increased secretion of gastric acid (IBS, 2007).

            Gastritis is associated with gastric acid secretion and is considered as an irritation, erosion, or inflammation of the stomach lining. The factors that prevent mucosal defenses include epidermal growth, secretion of excess insulin and gastric acid. They influence the occurrence of gastritis and other related disorders in the human body. A change in the secretion of gastric to a person having gastritis can cause a collision in the stomach which causes abdominal pain (Adelman & Lewis, 2003).

Effect on the pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis

            The choice of the factor is gender in the discussion of its impact on the pathophysiology of GERD, PUD, and gastritis. Regarding GERD, there is limited data that explain the effect of gender on the condition. The research conducted in this area seeking to establish the characteristics of women who experience chest pain and heartburn showed very slight differences in comparison to men. Gerd is more common in women than men and women experience severe and frequent symptoms of GERD (Kahrilas, 2003).

            Regarding PUD, there are some common trends to those of GERD in which women are more likely to have this disorder more often than men. Women secrete less hormonal gastric acid due to other functions of the body such as pregnancy which makes them more vulnerable to mucosa damage than men.

            Gastritis is common in men than women because they use more alcohol than women. It irritates the stomach. However, women are more likely to use drugs that cause gastritis such as anti-inflammatory and aspirin medications.

Diagnosis and prescription treatment of the three disorders based on the identified factor

             The diagnosis of GERD has a basis on the symptoms and the amount of acid in the esophagus. The frequency of heartburn and other related symptoms can be assessed using the ambulatory acid (PH) probe tests. For women, they should take precaution by having regular screening for the condition in a healthcare facility which helps to manage the symptoms in a better way. For the diagnosis of PUD, the process involves taking medical and family history as well a physical examination and diagnostic tests. Upper gastrointestinal series and endoscopy are common diagnostic tests used for PUD (IBS, 2007). Both genders should take acid-blocking medication for the diagnosis and helps to assess the improvement of PUD symptoms. If the ulcers are identified to have spread, there is need to change the lifestyle, medication, or recommend surgery as a treatment option.

            For gastritis diagnosis, the process involves a review of the family background, physical evaluation, blood test, stool test, and upper endoscopy if necessary. The method of treatment of gastritis involves taking antacids for reducing stomach acids, antibiotics for pylori infection, and elimination of irritating foods and vitamin B12 intake if gastritis caused pernicious anemia.

Mind map for gastritis

References

Adelman, A. M., & Lewis, P. R. (2003). Gastritis, esophagitis, and peptic ulcer disease. In Family Medicine (pp. 747-753). Springer New York

Anderwald, C. H., Tura, A., Promintzer-Schifferl, M., Prager, G., Stadler, M., Ludvik, B., ... & Krebs, M. (2012). Alterations in gastrointestinal, endocrine, and metabolic processes after bariatric Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Diabetes care, 35(12), 2580-2587

IBS, I. B. S. (2007). Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD). Clinical Men's Health E-Book: Evidence in Practice, 163.

Kahrilas, P.J. (2003) GERD pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations: Cleveland Clinic Journal of medicine, 70 (Suppl 5), S4

Lowry, A., Bhakta, k., & Nag, P. (2011) Gastroesophageal Reflux. New York: McGraw-Hill

Ramsay, P. T., & Carr, A. (2011). Gastric acid and digestive physiology: Surgical Clinics of North America, 91(5), 977-982.

Yarze, J. C. (1997). Physiology of gastric-acid secretion. The Lancet, 350(9075), 446-447.

 Sherry Roberts is the author of this paper. A senior editor at MeldaResearch.Com in Top Cheap Essay Writing Services. If you need a similar paper you can place your order from cheap reliable essay writing service services.